random Generate pseudo-random numbers Python 3 10 7 documentation

Returnstype.__str__, which is the “informal” or nicely printable string representation of object. If object does not have a __str__()method, then str() falls back to returningrepr. If there are no further items, raise the StopIteration exception. This method corresponds to the tp_iternext slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API. ¶Class method to return the float represented by a hexadecimal string s. The string s may have leading and trailing whitespace. Float also accepts the strings “nan” and “inf” with an optional prefix “+” or “-” for Not a Number and positive or negative infinity.

Uses lowercase exponential format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than precision, decimal format otherwise. The value conversion will use the “alternate form” . Character, which marks the start of the specifier.

Checking if an item exists in a Python sequence

¶Return a bytes or bytearray object which is the concatenation of the binary data sequences in iterable. A TypeError will be raised if there are any values in iterable that are not bytes-like objects, including str objects. The separator between elements is the contents of the bytes or bytearray object providing this method. Note that all of the bytearray methods in this section do not operate in place, and instead produce new objects.

• Complementary-Multiply-with-Carry recipe for a compatible alternative random number generator with a long period and comparatively simple update operations.
• Sequences, described below in more detail, always support the iteration methods.
• The functools.cmp_to_key() utility is available to convert a 2.x style cmp function to a key function.
• See String and Bytes literals for more about the various forms of bytes literal, including supported escape sequences.
• Many objects take special actions when a view is held on them ; therefore, calling release() is handy to remove these restrictions as soon as possible.

Strings implement all of the common sequence operations, along with the additional methods described below. There is also no mutable string type, but str.join() orio.StringIO can be used to efficiently construct strings from multiple fragments. Implement the Sequence ABC. Support slicing and negative indices. Test int objects for membership in constant time instead of iterating through all items.

Example of Python range()

Popitem() is useful to destructively iterate over a dictionary, as often used in set algorithms. If the dictionary is empty, callingpopitem() raises a KeyError. LenReturn the number of items in the dictionary d.

• Character, which marks the start of the specifier.
• ¶Like find(), but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
• At this point, you should have a solid understanding of what the range class is and how it’s used.
• See bytes.title() for more details on the definition of “titlecase”.
• Using the newer formatted string literals, the str.format() interface, or template strings may help avoid these errors.
• Does not rely on software state, and sequences are not reproducible.

Memoryviews can now be indexed with tuple of integers. ¶Return a list of the lines in the binary sequence, breaking at ASCII line boundaries.

Counting elements of a Python sequence

One-dimensional memoryviews with formats ‘B’, ‘b’ or ‘c’ are now hashable. ¶Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsequence sub in the range .

Ranges do support negative indices, but these are interpreted as indexing from the end of the sequence determined by the positive indices. A sort is stable if it guarantees not to change the relative order of elements that compare equal — this is helpful for sorting in multiple passes . Means that list items are sorted directly without calculating a separate key value. Forward and reversed iterators over mutable sequences access values using an index. That index will continue to march forward even if the underlying sequence is mutated.